Here’s a common problem. Someone sends you a PDF file, and you need to make large-scale changes in it, the kind of wholesale editing that's impossible to do in PDF-editor apps like the ones you might use to do light edits to a PDF. How do you convert the PDF into a document that you can edit to add or remove paragraphs, move text from one part of the document to another, and so on?

Here’s another problem: You need to convert a PDF into an image file to display on the web, insert into a document, or upload it to a site that only accepts JPGs. This problem is a lot easier to solve than the first—the answer is at the end of this story.

The only way to make wholesale edits in a PDF file is to transform it into a word-processing document so that you can edit it in Word, Google Docs, or any other word-processing app. What makes it difficult is that the PDF (Portable Document Format) standard, an open standard created by Adobe in the 1990s, is completely incompatible with the DOCX word-processing format that’s now standard in Microsoft Word and almost everything else. Don’t believe any vendor who claims to make PDF editing as easy as it is in Word. That kind of editing is simply impossible in a PDF file. You have to convert the PDF to a different kind of document first.

There’s no perfect solution to this problem, but there are plenty of good-enough solutions. Which solution you should use depends on the kind of PDF that you need to edit. If the PDF was created from a Windows, Mac, or Linux app by exporting from the app to PDF, then the solution is relatively easy because the text of the PDF is embedded in the PDF file and can be extracted. However, if the PDF was created by scanning or photographing printed text, then the problem is a lot harder, because you need to use OCR (optical character recognition) on the scanned image to extract the text, and that process always risks introducing errors.

How to Tell if a PDF Is App-Created or Scanned?

If you don’t know whether a PDF was created by an app or by a camera or scanner, here's how to find out. 

Open the PDF in your default PDF app, such as Edge in Windows 11, Preview in macOS, or Adobe Acrobat Reader. Try to select some text by dragging with the mouse. If you can select text, then the PDF was exported from an app—or it has already had OCR applied to it, which is just as good. If you can’t select text, then the PDF is scanned and needs to have OCR applied before you can convert it into a Word document.

How to Convert PDFs With Embedded Text Using Word

Let’s start with PDFs that don’t need OCR, in other words, PDFs with embedded text. The simplest way to convert your PDF is to open it in Microsoft Word and let Word convert the content.

Open it as you would any other file in Word. Launch Word and go to File > Open and select your PDF. Or right-click on the file and select Open With > Microsoft Word. The file will likely take a moment to process and then open as an editable Word document.

This solution works reasonably well, but the content probably won't look exactly right. The content in a PDFs is "fixed" in one position on the page, and the PDF doesn’t let you insert or remove paragraphs while preserving the flow of the document as you can in a word-processor.

Here's a list from Microsoft of what may not convert just right:

• tables with cell spacing

• page colors and page borders

• tracked changes

• frames

• footnotes that span more than one page

• endnotes

• audio, video, and PDF active elements

• PDF bookmarks

• PDF tags

• PDF comments

• font effects, like Glow or Shadow (in the Word file, the effects are represented by graphics)

When you open a PDF in Word, you may see a warning:

"Word will now convert your PDF to an editable Word document," it says. "This may take a while. The resulting Word document will be optimized to allow you to edit the text, so it might not look exactly like the original PDF, especially if the original file contained a lot of graphics."

That said, the graphics will get pulled in, but they may not be exactly where you want them. And your text may end up in text boxes rather than freely flowing through the page. But at least you’ll have a document that you can work with. 

If you want to export it as a PDF when you’re done editing, simply use Word’s Export or Save As menus, and export your document to PDF format.

By the way, this conversion works not only in the Word desktop app but also in the free web app version of Word (found at office.com). You open a PDF in Word Online and it's viewable, but click the "Edit in Word" link and you may see a file conversion warning:

It's followed by another warning about changes to the layout, etc. But the content will be there and editable, even if the look went wonky. Give it a try.

Acrobat, Adobe's PDF Converter, and Google Docs Methods

Opening a PDF in Word is only one way to convert PDF files to DOCX format. You may get better results by using PDF-editing apps like Adobe Acrobat DC. In my experience, Acrobat does a better job than anything else of exporting PDFs to Word format. 

Open the PDF in Acrobat, choose File/Export To… from the menu, and export to Word format. Acrobat does a far better job than Word at sorting out page formatting like headers and footers. Word sometimes mixes up the text in the header with the text of the document, but Acrobat almost always gets it right.

The trouble with Acrobat is that it costs money—but Adobe offers a free online PDF converter that you can use to get the same results you get from Acrobat. 

You can find cheaper PDF software that convert app-created PDFs to DOCX format, but I haven’t found any that do it as well as Acrobat. 

Dozens of other free online PDF conversion sites promise to spit out editable text, but I don’t recommend any of them as a place to trust uploading your data. Adobe, however, is well-established enough for me to trust it with ordinary documents, though I won’t upload anything that I seriously need to keep secret.