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January 22, 2026 |
With the traditional ringing of the bell we bring this meeting to order!
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Welcome to this week’s meeting of the eClub of the State of Jefferson.
Hello eClub Members, welcome to this week’s weekly meeting.
So very sorry for my absence these past few weeks. The best part is that I belong to the State of Jefferson Rotary eClub, and I can attend a meeting or Coffee Chat wherever I am!
I hope you all enjoy this week’s meeting, and if you don’t hear from me for a couple of weeks, it just means I am enjoying family and friends.
Yours in Rotary,
Jackie

Jackie Oakley
2025-2026 Club President
The Four-Way Test
The Four-Way Test is a nonpartisan and nonsectarian ethical guide for Rotarians to use for their personal and professional relationships.
The test has been translated into more than 100 languages, and Rotarians recite it at club meetings:
Of the things we think, say or do
- Is it the TRUTH?
- Is it FAIR to all concerned?
- Will it build GOODWILL and BETTER FRIENDSHIPS?
- Will it be BENEFICIAL to all concerned?
email president@StateOfJeffersonRotary.org

Weekly eClub "Coffee Chat" Zoom meetings
Tuesday at 12:00 PM PDT
These “fellowship” meetings are informal opportunities to get acquainted with each other. If it fits your schedule, we look forward to “seeing” you at the meetings. Enjoy talking about "stuff" like water witching/dowsing, green flashes at sunset, Christmas in Pakistan, and much much more.
January is Vocational Service Month
January is Vocational Service Month 6 ways to take action during Vocational Service Month
Vocational Service calls on us to empower others by using our unique skills and expertise to address community needs and help others acquire or refine skills and advance their professional opportunities. By bringing together people from diverse professions and backgrounds, Rotary recognizes the importance of all skills and occupations. A vibrant Rotary club reflects the businesses, organizations and professions in its community, embracing diversity in experiences and perspectives.
Your professional life and vocational service go hand in hand. Rotarians have a dual responsibility: represent their occupations within their club and exemplify the ideals of Rotary in their places of work.
January is Rotary’s Vocational Service Month, a great time to start leveraging vocational service! How can you take action?
- Join a Rotarian Action Group and support service projects around the world. These autonomous groups consist of Rotarians, family members, and Rotary program participants and alumni with expertise in a particular field. Members advise and collaborate with clubs and districts on service projects. If your expertise fits one of the current 25 Action Groups, contact the groups’ leaders to get involved.
- Join or form a Rotary Fellowship related to your vocation. Rotary Fellowships are international groups of Rotarians, family members, and program participants and alumni who share a vocational or recreational interest. There are many vocationally-oriented fellowships such as: Authors and Writers, Editors and Publishers, Health Professionals, Lawyers, Photographers, Police and Law Enforcement.
- Volunteer on a service project and use your vocational skills to serve others. Think about the underlying skills that make you successful in your profession: maybe you have training in some branch of science or medicine, are handy with tools or machinery know how to start a business, have expertise managing finances, or can influence others through public speaking or writing. Use your unique set of talents to make a difference in your community.
- Share your expertise through your district resource network. If you have technical expertise in one of Rotary’s six areas of focus, or with project planning and implementation, community assessment, measurement and evaluation, or other important aspects of large scale projects grants, let your district international service chair know. Lend your skills to local clubs and help develop more impactful projects.
- Participate in a vocationally-oriented Rotary Friendship Exchange. Work with your district Rotary Friendship Exchange chair to organize an international, reciprocal exchange between two districts interested in exploring a professional field in a new cultural context. Involve young professionals, and organize activities allowing exchange participants to experience cultural immersion while exploring their field in a new environment.
- Join TRF’s Cadre of Technical Advisors The Rotary Foundation Cadre of Technical Advisers is a group of volunteer Rotarians who provide technical expertise and advice to Rotarians planning and carrying out Rotary grant projects around the world. Cadre members review, monitor, and evaluate projects and ensure grant funds are being used properly. Apply online to be considered for the Cadre.
The Vocational Service in Action handbook can help you gain a better understanding of vocational service and provide you with ideas to practice it through your service activities, in your personal life, and in your career. Download the handbook and share it with your club members.
Boxing Day lunch restores hope after Hurricane Melissa

Rotary members pack supplies during the Boxing Day Senior Lunch.
By Nerissa Persaud, past president, Rotary Club of Montego Bay, Jamaica
The day began quietly — but with a purpose. At 7 a.m. 26 December, I was on my way to First Baptist Church Grand Cayman. Not for a service, but to be part of an annual Rotary tradition, built on six decades of unwavering service, love, and human connection.
This year marked the 60th anniversary of the Rotary Club of Grand Cayman’s Boxing Day Seniors Lunch — an act of service so rooted in consistency and care that it has quietly become part of the island’s heartbeat.
Two months prior, my family and I were uprooted from our home of almost four years in Montego Bay, Jamaica, when Hurricane Melissa struck with 185 mph winds. Montego Bay had been a happy place, where I discovered belonging and connection to my community through Rotary service.
Leaving what was left of our home, relocating schools, rebuilding business, and landing in the Cayman Islands meant far more than logistics. There was grief. A quiet, unspoken grief for the Rotary community I had poured myself into, for the people and the causes that had become part of my identity. Service was not something I did — it was something I was.
And then came the Boxing Day Senior Lunch. Putting on a simple white polo shirt, golden Rotary wheel stitched over my heart, never felt better. It was not nostalgia. It was readiness. Readiness in action. A reminder that service does not belong to a place; it belongs to a calling.

A Rotary volunteer handles a box of supplies for the Boxing Day event.
Walking through the church doors, I saw Rotarians, children, young and old, mothers and fathers, entire generations moving together in quiet efficiency. Tables were prepared, boxes unpacked, hamper bags assembled — over 900 of them — each with a tangible expression of dignity, nourishment, and respect. The Boxing Day lunches were prepared not as charity, but as an act of community.
Rotary does more than serve meals to seniors or bring clean water to children. Rotary connects and creates belonging, reminding us that we matter. Our smallest actions, when done together, ripple outwards in ways we never fully see.
As I stood there, surrounded by people who give as much as they teach, who support through both actions and caring, I felt something revive inside me. A quiet certainty. Rotary had not left me. Community had not left me. Purpose had not left me.
This Christmas, I was deeply grateful that my family was safe under one roof. But I am also acutely aware that much of that resilience — much of who I am — has been shaped and sustained by the Rotarians in my life who have become family.
The Boxing Day Seniors Lunch of the Rotary Club of Grand Cayman was a testimony that when we come together, good things happen. And when we serve together, we heal together. Never stop believing in the power of Rotary.
Nerissa Persaud is the 2025-26 membership engagement chair in Rotary District 7020.
Global Leaders pledge US$ 1.9 billion in Abu Dhabi to End Polio and protect children worldwide
- New funds will help protect 370 million children from polio each year and brings the world closer to eradicating polio
- The pledging moment was hosted by the Mohamed bin Zayed Foundation for Humanity in partnership with the Global Polio Eradication Initiative

ABU DHABI, UAE (8 December 2025) International leaders, philanthropists, and global health partners announced today in Abu Dhabi a collective US$ 1.9 billion to advance polio eradication. This includes approximately $1.2 billion in newly pledged funds that will reduce the remaining resource gap for the Global Polio Eradication Initiative’s (GPEI) 2022-2029 Strategy to $440 million. The funds will accelerate vital efforts to reach 370 million children each year with polio vaccines, alongside strengthening health systems in affected countries to protect children from other preventable diseases.
The global pledging event, ‘Investing in Humanity: Uniting to End Polio’, was hosted by the Mohamed bin Zayed Foundation for Humanity in partnership with GPEI, and took place at Abu Dhabi Finance Week.
The event was attended by His Highness Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Vice Chairman of the Mohamed bin Zayed Foundation for Humanity; Ahsan Iqbal Chaudhary, Minister for Planning and Development, Pakistan; Bill Gates, Chair of the Gates Foundation; and Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of the World Health Organization; alongside leaders from governments, multilateral institutions, and the private sector.
Pledges were made from a diverse group of donors and countries, including: $1.2 billion from the Gates Foundation; $140 million from the Mohamed bin Zayed Foundation for Humanity; $450 million from Rotary International; $100 million from Bloomberg Philanthropies; $154 million from Pakistan and $62 million from Germany; $46 million from the United States of America; $6 million from Japan; $4 million from the Islamic Food & Nutrition Council of America (IFANCA); and $3 million from Luxembourg.
“We are on the cusp of eradicating polio and securing a historic win for humanity. But we need all countries, partners and donors to step up now to get the job done,” said Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director-General of the World Health Organization. “The new support pledged in Abu Dhabi will be instrumental in helping the GPEI reach all children in the final endemic countries and stop variant polio outbreaks around the world.”
A Legacy of Leadership
His Highness Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President of the United Arab Emirates, is a global leader in polio eradication, committing $525 million since 2011 and bringing global resources and attention to the cause. The UAE’s Emirates Polio Campaign has also distributed more than 850 million vaccine doses to children across Pakistan since 2014, with a focus on immunizing children in remote and hard-to-reach communities.
Today’s pledging moment is the third hosted in Abu Dhabi, following summits in 2013 and 2019 that collectively raised $6.6 billion for GPEI’s work to end polio.
“Today’s pledges demonstrate our shared determination to end polio and protect every child from this preventable disease,” said Her Highness Sheikha Mariam bint Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Chair of the Mohamed bin Zayed Foundation for Humanity. “Decades of progress has proved that a polio-free world is within our reach when we act together. Under the guidance of His Highness Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, we are proud to stand with countries, donors and partners as we work hand-in-hand to achieve it.”
Polio Eradication: A Proof Point for Global Partnership
Wild poliovirus is now endemic in only two countries – Afghanistan and Pakistan – but outbreaks of variant poliovirus still threaten children around the world. The pledges announced today reaffirm international resolve to finish the job and protect future generations from a disease that once paralyzed 1,000 children every day across 125 countries.
Success would make polio just the second human disease ever eradicated—after smallpox—and is projected to save the world more than $33 billion by 2100 compared to the ongoing cost of outbreak control.
“The fight to end polio shows what is possible when the world invests together in a shared goal. We’re 99.9 percent of the way there – but the last stretch demands the same determination that got us this far,” said Bill Gates, Chair of the Gates Foundation. “This renewed funding will help us cross the finish line and strengthen the systems that protect children from this terrible disease for good.”
Bloomberg Philanthropies has also been a partner in the fight to eradicate polio for more than a decade, investing $325 million to date. Their support of the GPEI has helped deliver lifesaving vaccines to children in some of the world’s most challenging areas, and ensured that surveillance, outbreak response, and immunization systems remain robust.
“Bloomberg Philanthropies has been teaming up with the Gates Foundation for more than a decade to eradicate polio – and we are within striking distance of what would be a monumental achievement,” said Michael R. Bloomberg, founder of Bloomberg L.P. and Bloomberg Philanthropies, and WHO Global Ambassador for Noncommunicable Diseases and Injuries. “This new $100 million in support for the Global Polio Eradication Initiative and our partners around the world will help us get there – and help spare more people from the terrible effects of this disease.”
The hard work of governments, advocates, researchers and partners has helped bring cases of polio down by over 99% since 1988. Intensive efforts to reach every child with polio vaccines have also led to improvements in broader health infrastructure such as routine immunization, disease surveillance, and emergency response.
Despite this progress, the journey toward eradication is not linear. After historic lows in 2021 and 2023, wild polio has tragically paralyzed 39 children in Pakistan and Afghanistan this year while outbreaks of variant poliovirus continue in 18 countries, underscoring that persistent challenges in reaching every child remain.
“Pakistan is committed to ending polio and protecting every child. Through innovative vaccination strategies and stronger community engagement, we are building trust and reaching more children. These efforts bring us closer to a polio-free Pakistan and a healthier future for all,” said Ahsan Iqbal, Honorable Minister for Planning, Development and Special Initiatives.
UNICEF Executive Director Catherine Russell said, “The generous pledges made by donors today, and many others who continue supporting the eradication effort, will help community health workers worldwide in reaching every child, especially those who are consistently missing vaccination in the most fragile and conflict affected areas. UNICEF is committed to play our part in eradicating polio once and for all.”
Dr Sania Nishtar, CEO of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, said: “Decades of global partnership—including the convening power of the UAE and other key supporters—have brought us closer than ever before to ending polio. As we continue to work innovatively towards this shared goal, this new funding gives us renewed confidence that one day soon we can achieve a polio-free future for all children.”
“Twenty million people are walking today because of polio vaccination, and we have learned, improved and innovated along the way. Rotary remains committed to seeing this fight through to the end,” said Mike McGovern, Chair of Rotary International’s International PolioPlus Committee.
“Germany remains steadfast in its support of the global fight against polio and has contributed to GPEI since the beginning. Thereby, we have played a key role in achieving that Nigeria and India are now considered polio-free. By working together and investing in robust health systems—including through vital contributions to WHO and UNICEF like those announced today—we can ensure that every child, no matter where they live, is protected from this preventable disease.” said Reem Alabali Radovan, Federal Minister for Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany.
“Supporting children and protecting the most vulnerable is central to IFANCA’s mission,” said IFANCA President Dr. Muhammad Munir Chaudry. “We are proud to renew our commitment to the global effort to end polio and to help ensure every child is reached with lifesaving protection. The last mile is the hardest, but we stand with our partners across GPEI to finish the job and create a world finally free of polio.”
About the Mohamed bin Zayed Foundation for Humanity
The Mohamed bin Zayed Foundation for Humanity is an innovative philanthropy dedicated to advancing human potential and opportunity. We invest in the building blocks of human progress: strengthening health systems, reducing the burden of preventable diseases, and empowering communities to thrive.
The Foundation’s work is guided by the vision of our founder, His Highness Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, who grew up alongside the UAE’s transformation and saw how ambition, collaboration and resolve could redefine opportunity.
Building on this conviction, the Foundation focuses on challenges that are often underfunded or overlooked but hold the potential to deliver outsized human impact. By working in partnership with countries and communities to support progress, we seek to create impact that endures, for this generation and those to come.
For more information, visit: www.mohamedbinzayedfoundation.org
Media contact: media@mohamedbinzayedfoundation.org
About the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI)
The Global Polio Eradication Initiative is a public-private partnership led by six core partners: the World Health Organization, Rotary International, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, UNICEF, the Gates Foundation, and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. Since 1988, GPEI has reduced polio cases by over 99% and protected billions of children through vaccination.
Media contact: Ally Rogers, arogers@globalhealthstrategies.com

The 17th-century Pueblo leader who fought for independence from colonial rule – long before the American Revolution
The U.S. Capitol’s Statuary Hall Collection contains 100 sculptures: two luminaries from each state. They include many familiar figures, such as Helen Keller, Johnny Cash, Ronald Reagan and Amelia Earhart. There are a few from the Colonial era, including founders such as Samuel Adams and George Washington.
Some will also be represented in the Garden of American Heroes that the Trump administration plans to build. The monument will eventually have 250 statues, and the administration has proposed a list of names. Among the figures in the Capitol who did not make the cut is Po’pay, a 17th-century Native American leader from what is now New Mexico. The inscription on his statue in the Capitol identifies him as “Holy Man – Farmer – Defender.”
As a historian of early America, I see Po’pay’s absence in the to-be-built shrine as unfortunate – but not surprising. After all, he led the Pueblo Revolt of 1680: the most successful Indigenous rebellion against colonization in the history of what became the United States. He and his followers sought political independence and religious freedom, issues central to Americans’ sense of themselves.
Spanish conquest of New Mexico
Religious movements and figures played a central role in early American history. For example, as I have frequently written, Thanksgiving is linked to Protestant religious dissenters we call Pilgrims and Puritans. American myth tells us that those hearty souls braved an ocean crossing and a contest with the “wilderness,” in the words of the Plymouth colony’s governor, William Bradford. They did so, according to our legends, to pursue their faith – though the historical record reveals that economics also drove their decision to migrate.
Po’pay, a Tewa religious leader born around 1630, did not have to cross an ocean to prove his commitment to his faith. Instead, in the face of oppression, he wanted to restore the traditions and practices of his homeland: Ohkay Owingeh, which Spanish colonizers renamed San Juan Pueblo, in what is now New Mexico. The Tewa are one of many Pueblo peoples living in the Southwest.
Pueblo lands had witnessed spasms of brutal violence since Spanish colonizers arrived at the end of the 16th century. In 1598, a group of Spanish soldiers arrived in Acoma, a famous Pueblo city known to the Spanish through earlier reports from the explorer Francisco Coronado. The oldest settlement within the territorial boundaries of the United States, Acoma has been occupied almost continuously since the 12th century.
Acoma Pueblo has been inhabited for almost a millennium. Scott Catron/Flickr via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA
At the end of the 16th century, conflict erupted when residents of Acoma refused the soldiers’ demands for food. Locals killed the commander and around a dozen others. In response, the provincial governor, Juan de Oñate, consulted with Franciscan priests and then ordered a counterattack.
The Spanish killed at least 800 residents – 300 women and children and 500 men – and perhaps as many as 1,500. In a subsequent trial, the colonizers ruled that the people of Acoma had violated their “obligations” to the Spanish king. Judges sold almost 600 survivors into slavery and amputated one foot from each man 25 or over.
In the years that followed, Spanish soldiers captured Indigenous people across the Southwest and sold them into slavery, too. For Pueblos and other Indigenous peoples, the intertwined military, political and spiritual invasions threatened seemingly every aspect of their lives.
For crown and cross
The violence at Acoma did not dissuade Spaniards eager to migrate. Around 1608, horse- and oxen-drawn carriages traveled into the territory to build a new capital, which the Spanish called Santa Fe. In addition to ferrying soldiers and farming families, those wagons also carried Franciscan friars, crucifixes, Bibles and other items the brothers needed to promote Catholicism among those they deemed to be heathens.
Over the ensuing decades, periodic conflicts pitted Indigenous peoples of various pueblos against the colonizers. Nevertheless, Spaniards erected churches in Native communities, and Franciscans often claimed that many Indigenous people welcomed their presence.
Like other Christian missionaries in the Western Hemisphere, Franciscans of the day argued that Indigenous peoples needed to abandon their traditional religions as part of the process of conversion. But many in New Mexico retained older ways. They continued to pray in chambers known as “kivas” and communicate with their deities: Pos’e yemu, for example, whom Tewas believed had the power to bring rain.
A ladder in Acoma leads up to the entrance to a ‘kiva,’ a space often used for spiritual activities. Ian McKeller/Flickr via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA
In 1675, colonial authorities accused Indigenous religious leaders of killing Franciscans with sorcery. They rounded up suspects, executed three and beat others. They also destroyed kivas. Among those imprisoned and then released was Po’pay.
Pueblo Revolt
The sting of the lash scarred more than human flesh in Pueblo communities. It fed resentment against colonists. Many of the Pueblos focused their animosity on the clerical authorities who justified the brutality of the Spanish conquest.
The U.S. Capitol’s statue of Po'pay shows scars on his back, a sign of his imprisonment. Einar Kvaran aka Carptrash/Wikimedia Commons
As the decade came to a close, the region was gripped in a drought that reduced supplies of food and water, pushing Indigenous communities’ frustrations to a tipping point. Po’pay led a rebellion that reached across Pueblo communities, saying that he was following guidance from Pos’e yemu.
On Aug. 11, 1680, Po’pay and his followers unleashed a reign of terror against Spanish soldiers, colonial farmers and Catholic churches. They systematically destroyed religious buildings, whipped statues and crucifixes, abused priests before killing them, and rendered mission bells silent by removing their clappers or drowning them in water. Far outnumbering their opponents, the Pueblos chased the colonizers to Santa Fe and then drove them out of the region.
Po’pay, according to a Native witness named Josephe, reveled in the moment, saying, “Now the God of the Spaniards, who was their father, is dead.” Historians believe that the attack killed at least 400 colonists and soldiers, or about 1 in 6 Spaniards in New Mexico. There had been 33 friars in the province before the uprising. Only 12 survived.
Against kings and coercion
In the aftermath of the Pueblos’ military victory, Po’pay led an effort to eradicate the last vestiges of Catholicism in New Mexico. He ordered that Natives who had converted needed to scrub themselves with yucca branches to remove the stain of baptism. While some churches survived, including San Estevan del Rey Mission Church at Acoma, most of the Spanish friars who had led services in them lay dead.
An Ansel Adams photograph, taken in the 1930s or ’40s, of the San Estevan del Rey Mission Church in Acoma. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration via Wikimedia Commons
From 1675 to 1680, the European colonial project came under dire threat across North America. In New England, Metacom’s, or King Philip’s, War – waged between Indigenous groups and English settlers – destroyed scores of communities in one of the most destructive conflicts, measured on a per capita basis, in American history. In Virginia, a dissident hinterland landowner named Nathaniel Bacon led a revolt by aggrieved Colonists that torched the English provincial capital at Jamestown.
In this violent era, as I describe in a forthcoming book, Po’pay became one of the most consequential figures on the continent – and the embodiment of the American idea that people should be free from oppressive rulers and free, too, to practice their faith as they see fit.
Po’pay died in 1688. Four years later, Spanish colonizers returned to New Mexico and once again set out to bring the vast desert and its determined residents back under their control.
But they never erased the legacy of Po’pay, who remains a cultural hero for his defiant stand against king and cross.
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Thanks to eClub Rotarian Bill G for suggesting this program, even if he was just joking. :0)
"Water dowsing" refers in general to the practice of using a forked stick, rod, pendulum, or similar device to locate underground water, minerals, or other hidden or lost substances, and has been a subject of discussion and controversy for hundreds, if not thousands, of years.

By Thomas Pennant - This image is available from the National Library of Wales, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=46196771
Although tools and methods vary widely, most dowsers (also called diviners or water witches) probably still use the traditional forked stick, which may come from a variety of trees, including the willow, peach, and witchhazel. Other dowsers may use keys, wire coat hangers, pliers, wire rods, pendulums, or various kinds of elaborate boxes and electrical instruments.
In the classic method of using a forked stick, one fork is held in each hand with the palms upward. The bottom or butt end of the "Y" is pointed skyward at an angle of about 45 degrees. The dowser then walks back and forth over the area to be tested. When she/he passes over a source of water, the butt end of the stick is supposed to rotate or be attracted downward.
Water dowsers practice mainly in rural or suburban communities where residents are uncertain as to how to locate the best and cheapest supply of groundwater. Because the drilling and development of a well often costs more than a thousand dollars, homeowners are understandably reluctant to gamble on a dry hole and turn to the water dowser for advice.
What does science say about dowsing?
Case histories and demonstrations of dowsers may seem convincing, but when dowsing is exposed to scientific examination, it presents a very different picture. The natural explanation of "successful" water dowsing is that in many areas underground water is so prevalent close to the land surface that it would be hard to drill a well and not find water. In a region of adequate rainfall and favorable geology, it is difficult not to drill and find water!
Some water exists under the Earth's surface almost everywhere. This explains why many dowsers appear to be successful. To locate groundwater accurately, however, as to depth, quantity, and quality, several techniques must be used. Hydrologic, geologic, and geophysical knowledge is needed to determine the depths and extent of the different water-bearing strata and the quantity and quality of water found in each. The area must be thoroughly tested and studied to determine these facts.
Sources and more information
- Water Dowsing, USGS General Information publication
- Appraising the Nation's Ground-Water Resources, USGS General Information publication
Early divination and religion
Dowsing originated in ancient times, when it was treated as a form of divination. The Catholic Church banned the practice completely.
Protestant Reformer Martin Luther perpetuated the Catholic ban, in 1518 listing divining for metals as an act that broke the first commandment (i.e., as occultism).
Old texts about searching for water do not mention using the divining twig, and the first account of this practice was in 1568. Sir William F. Barrett wrote in his 1911 book Psychical Research that:
...in a recent admirable Life of St. Teresa of Spain, the following incident is narrated: Teresa in 1568 was offered the site for a convent to which there was only one objection, there was no water supply; happily, a Friar Antonio came up with a twig in his hand, stopped at a certain spot and appeared to be making the sign of the cross; but Teresa says, "Really I cannot be sure if it were the sign he made, at any rate he made some movement with the twig and then he said, ' Dig just here '; they dug, and lo ! a plentiful fount of water gushed forth, excellent for 'drinking, copious for washing, and it never ran dry.' " As the writer of this Life remarks: "Teresa, not having heard of dowsing, has no explanation for this event", and regarded it as a miracle. This, I believe, is the first historical reference to dowsing for water.
In 1662, divining with rods was declared to be "superstitious, or rather satanic" by a Jesuit, Gaspar Schott, though he later noted that he was not sure that the devil was always responsible for the movement of the rod. In southern France in the 17th century, it was used to track criminals and heretics. Its abuse led to a decree of the inquisition in 1701, forbidding its employment for purposes of justice.
An epigram by Samuel Sheppard, from Epigrams theological, philosophical, and romantick (1651) runs thus:
Some Sorcerers do boast they have a Rod,
Gather'd with Vowes and Sacrifice,
And (borne about) will strangely nod
To hidden Treasure where it lies;
Mankind is (sure) that Rod divine,
For to the Wealthiest (ever) they incline.
— Virgula divina
Modern dowsing
Dowsing practices used in an attempt to locate metals are still performed much like they were during the 16th century. The 1550 edition of Sebastian Münster's Cosmographia contains a woodcut of a dowser with forked rod in hand walking over a cutaway image of a mining operation. The rod is labeled in Latin and German; "Virgula Divina – Glück-Rüt" ('Rod Divine, Luck-Rod'), but there is no text accompanying the woodcut. By 1556, Georgius Agricola's treatment of mining and smelting of ore, De Re Metallica, included a detailed description of dowsing for metal
...There are many great contentions between miners concerning the forked twig, for some say that it is of the greatest use in discovering veins, and others deny it. ... All alike grasp the forks of the twig with their hands, clenching their fists, it being necessary that the clenched fingers should be held toward the sky in order that the twig should be raised at that end where the two branches meet. Then they wander hither and thither at random through mountainous regions. It is said that the moment they place their feet on a vein the twig immediately turns and twists, and so by its action discloses the vein; when they move their feet again and go away from that spot the twig becomes once more immobile.
In the 16th century, German deep mining technology was in enormous demand all over Europe. German miners were licensed to live and work in England, particularly in the Stannaries (tin mines) of Devon and Cornwall and in Cumbria. In other parts of England, the technique was used in the royal mines for calamine. By 1638 German miners were recorded using the technique in silver mines in Wales.
The Middle Low German name for a forked stick (Y-rod) was Schlag-Ruthe ('striking rod'). This was translated in the sixteenth century Cornish dialect to duschen (duschan according to William Barrett) (Middle English, 'to strike, fall'). By the seventeenth century the English term dowsing was coming into common use.
weekly@StateOfJeffersonRotary.org

DuckDuckGo vs. Google: The Search Engine Choice That Says Everything About You
One prioritizes convenience and personalization. The other puts privacy first. Which one should you use? We help you decide.
By Michael Muchmore
You might not think about it too much when you open Google to perform a web search, but it's far from your only option for finding things online. Among alternative search engines, DuckDuckGo is one of the most compelling options because it doesn't collect your personal information, features a customizable design, and offers a comprehensive set of standard features. Of course, Google is extremely impressive in its own right, with advanced visual search tools, a best-in-class news feed, and seamless integrations with first-party communication and productivity services. So, which should you use? That decision ultimately comes down to what you value most in a search engine, so we're here to take you through every major aspect of the two services to help you make a decision.
Interface: DuckDuckGo Is More Customizable
Both search sites have frill-free designs with little else aside from a search box. Google frequently updates its logo to honor holidays and other special occasions. Both let you opt for a dark or light mode, but DuckDuckGo offers a lot more in the way of customizing colors, fonts, and the layout of results. Neither lets you set a background image like Bing.

Left to right: Google and DuckDuckGo search pages (Credit: Google/DuckDuckGo/PCMag)
Google's search box is a little busier, with microphone and camera buttons for voice entry and Google Lens image search, respectively. It also features an AI Mode button, which activates Gemini, and the venerable "I'm feeling lucky" button, which directs you directly to the first site it finds. DuckDuckGo doesn't offer a voice search option, but it does put its AI tool above the search box (Duck.ai). Notably, you can turn off all of DuckDuckGo's AI features if you don't want to see them.
Both offer search suggestions as you type, though Google drops down popular queries as soon as you click into the box. That aspect can be more distracting than helpful, but you can fortunately turn it off. Both present an AI result on top of the result page if relevant, though DuckDuckGo's takes up less of the page. Each shows ad links in the results, but Google's sponsored shopping results seem to be more prominent. You can give feedback about a result to either search engine via a three-dot menu, though DuckDuckGo lets you easily report AI-generated content.
Winner: DuckDuckGo
Web Search: Don't Expect Too Many Differences
Google is the global search leader for a reason: It can usually find exactly what you're looking for. But the difference between it and other search services has become much less pronounced over time. For its part, DuckDuckGo combines a privatized version of Microsoft Bing's results with other sources, including its internal DuckDuckBot. Google's index is mobile-first, meaning it emphasizes mobile websites. Bing is platform agnostic, but it still takes mobile-friendliness into account.
Enabling Google's search personalization option will tailor results to your interests. Even if you turn search personalization off, Google can still profile you based on the search history it saves. It also ties in all the data from your Chrome browser and YouTube account, as well as any other Google services you use (excluding Docs and Drive). Even when I signed out of my Google account in testing, the search personalization was still active. Meanwhile, DuckDuckGo shows the same web results to everyone.
Since there haven't been any studies comparing the accuracy of the two search engines, I enlisted the support of Microsoft's Copilot AI to devise an accuracy test. The test script included 100 search queries grouped into sets related to factual (e.g., "Who won the Nobel Prize in Physics 2024?"), navigational (getting to a website), and transactional (e.g., "What's the best laptop for under $500?") information. The rest spanned the health, local, news, and tech categories, among others. I compared the results against ground truths. DuckDuckGo and Google consistently returned accurate results. Of course, this is a synthetic test and can't possibly replicate the billions of possible queries and answers that you ask search engines, but it's proof that both deliver reliable results.
Winner: Tie
Image Search: Google's Reverse Image Search Stands Out
Both search sites work just fine for image searches. As you can see in the image below, DuckDuckGo offers the advantage of displaying image dimensions in the results and allowing you to filter out AI-generated images. I like Google's ability to show photos based on their licensing, however.

Left to right: Image search results in Google and DuckDuckGo (Credit: Google/DuckDuckGo/PCMag)
One major advantage that Google has here is its reverse image search capability. Simply click the camera icon and drag and drop, or upload an image. Then, Google tells you what's in it. In testing, it correctly identified a shot of a Lesson's Motmot bird and of yours truly, although you won't receive results for some people in your photos, presumably due to privacy concerns.
Winner: Google
Video Search: Both Get You to the YouTube Video You Want
Google has a monopoly on online video with YouTube, so, as you might expect, its video search result pages largely include YouTube links. When I tried searching for "Wonder Man Marvel," the first Google video search result page included 15 YouTube links, with the first 11 coming from YouTube.

Left to right: Video search results in Google and DuckDuckGo (Credit: Google/DuckDuckGo/PCMag)
DuckDuckGo mixes in some non-YouTube results among the top results, and I actually find its grid-like presentation more pleasing (Google returns a list with thumbnails). One nice privacy feature in DuckDuckGo is that you can watch videos directly on the results page, rather than going to the video player site, which keeps you more anonymous. Google simply takes you directly to the video, so it's a matter of privacy versus convenience.
Winner: Tie
News Content: Google News Leads the Way
You can find news links on DuckDuckGo, but Google has a distinct advantage: Google News is a fantastic aggregator of important stories across many categories, and you can customize your sources and topics of interest. Google search taps into the same information as Google News, although the two sites are technically separate.
DuckDuckGo and Google show news results and image thumbnails for related queries, but the latter also organizes results by topic when appropriate, as shown in the image below comparing coverage of two different earthquakes:

Left to right: News search results in Google and DuckDuckGo (Credit: Google/DuckDuckGo/PCMag)
Winner: Google
AI Features: Shockingly Even
Google is infusing all of its products with Gemini, and DuckDuckGo is following suit with two AI features of its own: Duck.ai lets you converse with a choice of AI models from Anthropic, OpenAI, Meta, and others, while Search Assist (similar to Google's AI Overviews) appears for some queries. You can expand the AI Overview and Search Assist modules to get more information. It's possible to limit and even turn off DuckDuckGo's AI features, but Google does not offer such options.

Left to right: AI search results in Google and DuckDuckGo (Credit: Google/DuckDuckGo/PCMag)
For a full AI search experience, Google has an AI Mode. You can get to it from the glowing button in the search box, at the bottom of an AI Overview, or from the menu on result pages. Surprisingly, Google didn't appear to have a significant advantage over DuckDuckGo in search results. In fact, when I queried both about cryptocurrency, AI Mode included a somewhat irrelevant graph comparing gold and silver prices, whereas Duck.ai provided more relevant information. Of course, your experience with the AI tools might differ. At the very least, I appreciate that DuckDuckGo allows you to select from various current AI models.
Winner: Tie
Maps, Travel, and Local Info: Google Maps Is Unbeatable
Google Maps is far and away the most authoritative source for directions, local business details, and geographical information. No matter the location on Earth, Google Maps can get you there, show you the best places to eat, and more. The Street View feature and user-uploaded photos can also give you a good idea of what a place looks like before you go. Directions work for travel by bike, foot, car, plane (if applicable), and public transit. Flights are a part of Google Travel, which offers a wealth of vacation ideas, including hotel and rental information.

Left to right: Maps search results in Google and DuckDuckGo (Credit: Google/DuckDuckGo/PCMag)
DuckDuckGo utilizes a beta version of Apple Maps, which has undergone significant improvements since its initial launch. Still, it didn't include any public transit results at the time of testing or any information that rivals Google's extensive data on local establishments. Note that DuckDuckGo doesn't use the proprietary version of Apple Maps that you get on Apple devices.
Winner: Google
Shopping Tools: Google Has More Filters
By default, DuckDuckGo doesn't show deals on products from retailers, but you can disable part of its built-in ad blocker to allow these through. Both it and Google offer Shopping modes that let you filter products by brand, price, seller, and more. When I tried searching for stereo speakers, Google showed even more filter options (size, style, and wattage), along with filters for On Sale, Get It Tomorrow, and condition (new or used). DuckDuckGo simply doesn't go as deep here.

Left to right: Shopping results in Google and DuckDuckGo (Credit: Google/DuckDuckGo/PCMag)
Winner: Google
Privacy: DuckDuckGo's Claim to Fame
DuckDuckGo excels in protecting your privacy. And it's not even a question of whether Google doesn't; a federal jury ordered Google to pay $425 million for violating the privacy rights of nearly 100 million users by continuing to collect data even after users had disabled tracking features. Additionally, the US Justice Department issued a statement stating, "The Court’s ruling is clear: Google is a monopolist and has abused its monopoly power." It's part of the company's DNA to collect as much detailed information about you as possible to serve its ad-buying corporate customers.
By contrast, DuckDuckGo's privacy policy is very forthright: "We don’t track you." Its policy goes on to say, "We don’t save your IP address or any unique identifiers alongside your searches or visits to our websites. We also never log IP addresses or any unique identifiers to disk that could be tied back to you or to your search and browsing history." The search engine does make money from ads on result pages, but those aren't based on profiling you the way Google's are. DuckDuckGo also offers a super-anonymous Tor version of its site.
If you choose to use Google but are concerned about privacy, you should dig into all the search site's settings, where you can turn off some personalization options.
Winner: DuckDuckGo
Mobile Apps: Google's App Goes Well Beyond Search
Google's mobile search app is hard to beat. The interface is more information-packed than the desktop website, showing AI Mode options (including those related to the Nano Banana AI image model), news items, and notifications. The app not only lets you search by voice, but it can also identify music you play or even just hum. Recently, Google has been emphasizing the shopping features of the app, including an option to take a picture of an item to find out where you can purchase it. You can also use Google Lens to get info on something in a screenshot or from your phone's live camera view.

Like its desktop search interface, the DuckDuckGo app is as bare-bones as it gets, featuring nothing more than a search box and logo. Continuing its focus on privacy, the app features a flame button that instantly erases all your history. It also includes a feature that sets up a local VPN (which bypasses any servers) to block other apps from tracking you. It's notable that DuckDuckGo offers both a mobile app and a privacy-focused desktop web browser. Mobile search apps are essentially browsers, as they directly display the sites they find.
Winner: Google
And The Winner Is...

Google Search
Google's sheer number of conveniences and features earns it the win in this head-to-head comparison. If you're interested in personalized results and a best-in-class set of supporting components (such as Google Maps, News, and Shopping), then it simply has no rival. And it's just as good as DuckDuckGo when it comes to time-saving AI tools and standard web searches. That said, DuckDuckGo has a major advantage in one key area: privacy. If you don't want your search engine to know everything about you, then it's unquestionably the better option. Of course, nothing is stopping you from switching between them depending on your search intent.

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